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  <div class="section" id="news-section">
<h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework
by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by
adding custom routing rules. Now it&#8217;s time to introduce dynamic content
and start using a database.</p>
<div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model">
<h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries
should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models
are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your
database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p>
<p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called
<em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you&#8217;ve configured
your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><em>here</em></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It
creates a new model by extending <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></tt> and loads the database
library. This will make the database class available through the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></tt> object.</p>
<p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created.
Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL).
Also add some seed records.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
        <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you&#8217;ll need a method
to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database
abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter —
<a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><em>Query Builder</em></a> — is used. This makes it
possible to write your &#8216;queries&#8217; once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><em>all
supported database systems</em></a>. Add the
following code to your model.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
                <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>

        <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all
news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have
noticed that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></tt> variable wasn&#8217;t sanitized before running the
query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><em>Query Builder</em></a> does this for you.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="display-the-news">
<h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views
that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
in our <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></tt> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
a new <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></tt> controller is defined. Create the new controller at
<em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_model&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
                <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url_helper&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>

        <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we
created earlier. First, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></tt> method: it calls the
constructor of its parent class (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></tt>) and loads the model,
so it can be used in all other methods in this controller.
It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><em>URL Helper</em></a>
functions, because we&#8217;ll use one of them in a view later.</p>
<p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific
news item. You can see that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></tt> variable is passed to the model&#8217;s
method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the
news item to be returned.</p>
<p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but
nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to
the views.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News archive&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>

        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a
variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></tt>
element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a
view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em>
and add the next piece of code.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>

        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;main&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
                <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>View article<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>

<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we
wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template
language, you can use CodeIgniter&#8217;s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><em>Template
Parser</em></a> class or a third party parser.</p>
<p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual
news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such
way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to
add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></tt> controller and update <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> with the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>

        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
        <span class="p">{</span>
                <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>

        <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>

        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
        <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Instead of calling the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></tt> method without a parameter, the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></tt> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item.
The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at
<em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="routing">
<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra
route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file
(<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows.
This makes sure the requests reaches the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></tt> controller instead of
going directly to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></tt> controller. The first line routes URI&#8217;s
with a slug to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> method in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></tt> controller.</p>
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and
watch your news page.</p>
</div>
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